CaCl2对纤维核诱导乳清浓缩蛋白聚合能力的影响

研究了CaCl_2对两种核诱导乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)在聚合方面的影响。通过向WPC自发、均相核诱导WPC、二次核诱导WPC形成纤维过程中添加CaCl_2,可提高纤维体系的硬度、黏度以及聚合率,并且对核诱导形成的纤维聚合物影响较大。添加CaCl_2后,核诱导的硬度增加量是WPC自发硬度增加量的1.661倍(均相核诱导)和1.821倍(二次核诱导),黏度增加量的对应值为2.261倍(均相核诱导)与2.479倍(二次核诱导)。添加CaCl_2使纤维的形态发生变化,成弯曲聚集体。对于纤维形成的两种路径自发与核诱导,CaCl_2的影响程度不同,与乳清浓缩蛋白自发纤维聚合能力相比,CaCl_2对核诱导乳清浓缩蛋白聚合能力的提升幅度更大。     

防治番茄灰霉病的枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1粉尘剂研制

目前我国农药登记的微生物杀菌剂主要为水剂和可湿性粉剂两种剂型。为了克服常规喷雾导致温室大棚内湿度增加给防病带来的不利影响,本文以枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1为有效成分开展了粉尘剂研究,通过对载体和助剂的筛选,明确了最佳的载体、助剂种类及其比例,最终确定100亿CFU/g枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1粉尘剂的配方为：滑石粉20%、分散剂GY-D900 2%、菌株BAB-1原药补足至100%。该制剂具有很好的悬浮效果（30 min时悬浮率>50%）。室内盆栽试验表明,菌株BAB-1粉尘剂对番茄灰霉病防效达到57.14%~71.43%,对黄瓜灰霉病的保护作用优于治疗作用,施用1次的防病效果分别为48.80%和1.65%;温室大棚试验结果表明,该制剂在番茄大棚中施用3次后对灰霉病的防效达到79.04%,对照化学药剂嘧菌酯800倍水溶液的防效为82.55%。该研究结果为枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1粉尘剂的进一步产业化开发和应用提供了科学依据。     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长及生理生化指标的影响。5种饲料分别含有0、12.0%、25.0%、37.0%和49.5%的SPC以替代相应的鱼粉,并分别添加0、0.83%、1.65%、2.48%和3.30%的必需氨基酸混合物(L-lysine∶DL-methionine∶L-leucine∶Lvaline∶L-threonine=18∶6∶3∶2.5∶2)以平衡各组饲料的氨基酸组成。每种饲料投喂3个水族箱(300 L),每个水族箱放养实验鱼16尾,实验鱼初始体质量为(31.1±0.1)g。经过9周生长实验,结果显示随着饲料中SPC替代水平的升高,大菱鲆摄食率、特定生长率均显著下降(P0.001)。然而,当使用0~37.0%的SPC替代鱼粉时,各处理组饲料效率和蛋白质效率未出现显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率之间也未出现显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下SPC不能作为大菱鲆饲料中替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,造成SPC替代效果较差的主要原因是其对大菱鲆饲料适口性的显著影响。     

超声-Fenton试剂耦合处理农村垃圾的渗滤液

用超声波和Fenton试剂耦合处理农村垃圾的渗滤液,考察了超声波功率、H2 O2和Fe2+用量、pH值以及反应温度对农村垃圾渗滤液UV254/UV254o的影响。研究结果表明:超声功率为125 W,H2 O2浓度为475 mmol/L,Fe2+浓度为4 mmol/L,pH值为3.0时,农村垃圾渗滤液中的难降解有机物能够得到较好的去除,超声-Fenton试剂耦合处理农村垃圾渗滤液的温度应该控制在45℃以内;通过超声、Fenton和超声-Fenton试剂耦合对比实验发现,超声-Fenton试剂耦合对农村垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物的去除要明显好于Fenton试剂和超声波,超声波和Fenton试剂对农村垃圾渗滤液中有机物的去除具有协同作用。光谱扫描结果表明,超声-Fenton试剂耦合对农村垃圾渗滤液中的有机物有很好的去除效果。     

Study of liver and gut alterations in sea bream,Sparus aurata L., fed a mixture of vegetable protein concentrates

This study evaluated liver and gut alterations of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., fed diets in which fish meal was substituted by a mixture (M) of pea protein concentrate (PPC) and rice protein concentrate (RPC). Histological studies were conducted to evaluate the possible changes produced by four experimental isolipidic (18%) and isoproteic (48%CP) diets with 30%, 60% and 90% of fish meal substitution by a pea and rice mixture and compared with a control diet (0%). The results obtained in the present histological study showed significant changes especially in the case of the 90% substitution in parameters such as thickness of the layers, goblet cells and villi measurements. Structural integrity of the gut would not be significantly affected by a diet of up to 60% substitution. The alterations observed in the liver could not only be attributed to diet but also to possible individual variations.     

Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value of Concentrated Liquid Fraction of Separated Pig Slurry Applied to Grassland

Seven grassland experiments on sandy and clay soils were performed during a period of 4 years to estimate the nitrogen (N) fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) of concentrated liquid fractions of separated pig slurry (mineral concentrate: MC). The risk of nitrate leaching when applying MC was compared to when applying mineral fertilizers. Grassland yields in 2009–2012 fertilized with MC were compared with grassland fertilized with two mineral fertilizers: granulated calcium ammonium nitrate and liquid ammonium nitrate (LAN). The mineral fertilizers comprised 50% nitrate-N and 50% ammonium-N, and MC comprised 95–100% ammonium-N. Treatment application rates included zero N and three incremental rates of N fertilization. The liquid fertilizers were shallow injected (0–5 cm). The NFRV of MCs was 75% on sandy and 58% on clay soil with granulated ammonium nitrate as reference, and 89% on sandy and 92% on clay soil with LAN as reference. Risk of nitrate leaching after application of MC, measured in residual soil mineral N post-growing season and N in the upper groundwater in the following spring, was equal to that for mineral fertilizers.     

Hazard identification of coal fly ash leachate using a battery of cyto-genotoxic and biochemical tests in Allium cepa

Leaching of heavy metals from coal fly ash dumpsites is an environmental threat often polluting both groundwater and surface water. This led to a detailed investigation on the cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress associated with the fly ash leachate (FL). Allium cepa L. bulbs were exposed to three concentrations of FL. Response to FL resulted in a reduction of root growth, inhibition of cell viability by up to 50%, and decrease in mitotic indices (control: 10.27; FA:water 1:4–4.52) with increased frequency of chromosome aberrations (5.7 fold) and bi-nucleate cells. Results of comet assay indicated that approximately sixfold increase in genotoxicity of FL was congruent with the endpoints of oxidative stress evaluated. The malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities were elevated in the treated plants in a dose dependent manner. The elemental analysis of FL showed the presence of heavy metals like cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The study demonstrated that FL can cause adverse effects to the plants. Therefore, the disposal of coal fly ash should be handled with caution and prevented from contaminating the surroundings.     

几种新型润湿分散剂在悬浮剂加工中的应用评价

为快速表征新型表面活性剂在农药剂型加工中的主要功能,本研究通过测定几类国产高分子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度及该浓度下的表面张力和润湿时间等性能,初步判断其适合作润湿剂还是分散剂;运用流点法确定了各助剂在多菌灵悬浮剂中的用量及配比;利用不同助剂类型及不同用量加工了多种50%多菌灵悬浮剂,并测定了其性能。结果表明:将润湿剂和分散剂按不同比例混合后,通过测定其流点来确定悬浮剂中助剂用量的方法是可行的;从对各制剂的性能测试结果可以看出,不管是用流点用量还是5倍流点用量,所选助剂多数可成功加工出合格试样。将性能较好的制剂按照农药登记推荐使用浓度稀释1 000倍后,测定其表面张力及在小麦叶片上的接触角和持液量,推断其田间使用情况。结果显示:药液因表面张力过大未能润湿小麦叶片,国产助剂与国外助剂差别不显著,甚至部分国产助剂的性能还优于国外助剂的;制备悬浮剂时将磺酸盐类与聚羧酸盐类分散剂配合使用效果较好。     

精饲料补充料对生茸期梅花鹿营养物质消化率及产茸性能的影响

为探讨不同精饲料补充料对生茸期梅花鹿营养物质消化率的影响,选择健康、年龄一致、体重相近的141头生茸期公鹿,随机分成3组,每组分别为48,45,48头,饲喂3种不同组成的精料。日粮精粗比均为35∶65。结果表明:生茸期成年公鹿干物质、有机物质采食量、蛋白质、粗纤维消化率随日粮中蛋白水平的提高而提高,采用Ⅰ组试验日粮(粗蛋白含量20.05%的精饲料配方)时,采食量及营养物质的消化率最高;在试验设计范围内,日粮精饲料补充料水平对鹿茸产量无显著影响(P0.05)。     

植物精油在环保型乳油中的应用展望

阐述传统乳油的应用现状与局限性,说明发展环保型的乳油很有必要。但目前乳油用量较大,全部替换这类剂型是不可取的。因此本文提出用植物精油替代传统芳烃类溶剂,制备环保型乳油。通过详细介绍精油的优良特性,认为这种方法是可行的。最后分析其影响,展望未来的应用前景。